National Home Inspector Exam Prep Podcast

05 - Required and Dedicated Branch Circuits: Kitchen Circuits, Bathrooms, Appliances

Season 1 - Electrical Systems ⚡ Season 1 Episode 5

Send us a text

Certain branch circuits are required in modern homes to ensure adequate electrical capacity and safety. This episode covers required individual circuits, dedicated circuits, multiwire branch circuits, and proper circuit loading.

Required Individual Branch Circuits:

Kitchen Countertop Circuits:

  • TWO 20-amp, 120V circuits serving ONLY kitchen countertops
  • May also serve breakfast and dining room receptacles
  • One circuit may serve refrigerator
  • These are the most commonly violated requirements

Bathroom Circuits:

  • ONE 20-amp, 120V circuit per bathroom (lights AND receptacles)
  • OR one 20-amp, 120V circuit serving ONLY all bathroom receptacles
  • Must not serve other areas

Laundry Circuit:

  • ONE 20-amp, 120V circuit serving ONLY laundry receptacles
  • Dedicated to laundry area

HVAC Circuits:

  • 120V or 240V circuits serving ONLY one furnace or air handler
  • Each piece of equipment on separate circuit

Dedicated 240V Circuits:

  • Water heaters
  • Air conditioning condensers
  • Well pumps
  • Electric ranges, wall ovens, cooktops (usually dedicated, some exceptions)
  • Electric dryers

Optional Dedicated Circuits:

  • Kitchen exhaust fan/microwave: 20-amp, 120V (if installed)
  • Dishwasher: May require dedicated 120V circuit
  • Food-waste disposer: May require dedicated 120V circuit

General Lighting Branch Circuits:

  • No specific limit on quantity of receptacles
  • Load must be evenly distributed
  • Fixed appliance: ≤50% of circuit amperage (≤7.5A on 15A circuit)
  • Cord-and-plug appliance: ≤80% of circuit amperage (≤12A on 15A circuit)

Receptacle Ratings:

  • 15-amp circuits: 15-amp receptacles ONLY
  • 20-amp circuits: 15-amp OR 20-amp receptacles
  • 20-amp receptacles: Identified by T-slot (horizontal notch in neutral slot)

Multiwire Branch Circuits:

  • Three-wire circuit: two hot wires + one neutral
  • 240V between hot wires, 120V between each hot and neutral
  • Voltage on shared neutral should be zero under normal operation
  • Examples: Split-wired kitchen receptacles, dishwasher/disposer circuits, dryer/range circuits
  • REQUIRED: Approved handle tie connecting both circuit breakers
  • Safety: Both hot legs must disconnect simultaneously

Typical Defects to Report

  • Kitchen with only one 20-amp countertop circuit
  • Kitchen circuits serving other areas (lights, other rooms)
  • Bathroom circuit serving multiple bathrooms or other areas
  • Laundry circuit serving other areas
  • Multiwire branch circuit without handle tie on breakers
  • Receptacle rating doesn't match circuit rating
  • Fixed appliance exceeding 50% of circuit capacity
  • Cord-and-plug appliance exceeding 80% of circuit capacity

Key Takeaways

  • Kitchen requires TWO dedicated 20-amp circuits for countertops
  • Bathroom circuits must be isolated from other areas
  • Multiwire circuits MUST have handle ties (safety requirement)
  • Receptacle ratings must be compatible with circuit amperage
  • Most 240V appliances require dedicated circuits
  • Older homes without these circuits aren't necessarily deficient

IRC Code References

IRC 2018: E3703 (required branch circuits)

For complete training with visual materials, practice exams, and certification support, visit nhiexamprep.com

© 2025 National Home Inspector Exam Prep Podcast. All rights reserved.